![]() Four MR methods, namely, inverse-variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode, were used in this study. The TIM-3 dataset was used as the exposure ( n = 31,684). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AU, AS, CD, and UC were selected as the outcomes: AU GWAS with 2,752 patients with acute AU accompanied with AS (cases) and 3,836 AS patients (controls), AS GWAS with 968 cases and 336,191 controls, CD GWAS with 1,032 cases and 336,127 controls, and UC GWAS with 2,439 cases and 460,494 controls. Materials and methods: We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to estimate the causal effects of TIM-3 on AU and three associated systemic diseases, namely ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC). 3The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Chinaīackground: We aimed to investigate the causal association between TIM-3, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, and anterior uveitis (AU), as well as associated systemic immune diseases.2State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. ![]() ![]() 1National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.Dan Lin 1,2 †, Rong-Cheng Zhu 3 †, Chun Tang 1,2, Fen-Fen Li 1,2 *, Mei-Ling Gao 2 * and Yu-Qin Wang 1,2 *
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